Middle Colonies 2nd Generation

Punishment of Rebels after Leisler's Rebellion

Leisler’s Rebellion

By: us

Leisler’s Rebellion

• 1689 – 1691
• Led by Jacob Leisler
• Seized control colonial New York

Leisler’s Rebellion cont.

• 1685 – New York becomes a royal colony
• James II’s Dominion of New England angered colonists
• Unification of New England Colonies
• Capital = New York City

Leisler’s Rebellion cont²

• 1688 – James II dethroned
• People learned that they have more power
• Uprisings spread throughout the colonies
• Edmund Andros
• Governor of New England
• Unpopular due to his strict policies
• Leisler gains popularity

Leisler

• Calvinist immigrant
• Merchant turned militia captain
• Deposed lt. governor Francis Nicholson
• 1689
• Wanted New York for William III and Mary II
• Backed by Dutch laborers and artisans

Leisler’s Rebellion cont³

• Direct popular representation
• Redistributed wealth to the poor
• Scorned by Anglican Merchant, and Aristocratic classes
• William III dispatched new governor in 1691
• Leisler refused to give authority back
• English entered and arrested for treason

Leisler’s Rebellion (cont²)²

• Tried and found guilty
• Leisler and son-in-law (Jacob Milborn)
• Hanged, drawn and quartered

Leisler’s Rebellion Picture

Leisler’s Rebellion Effects

• Established rebellious attitude of colonists
• Led to increased tension between colonists and British forces

Paxton Boys

• Group of back country Scotch-Irish Frontiersmen
• Near Paxtang Penn. (Paxton-present)
• Formed vigilante group
• Response to Pontiac's rebellion
• British general Jeffrey Amherst
• Mishandled Indian affairs
• Paxton Boys felt government didn’t protect people good enough
• Took matters into their own hands

Paxton Boys cont

• Attacked nearest Indians (Conestoga)
• Conestoga were Christian and lived peacefully w/ Penn. Settlements
• December 14^th 1763
• Paxton boys massacred Conestoga Indians
• Broke peace treaty
• Remaining Indians put into protective custody
• December 27^th 1763
• Paxton boys broke in and killed remaining Indians

Paxton Boys cont²

• 1764 Paxton Boys were going to attack other Indians in Eastern Penn.
• Indians fled to Philadelphia
• 500 Paxton boys marched on Philly in Jan. of 1764
• Philly militia prevented them from doing more violence
• Ben Franklin negotiated with them to bring an end to their attack on Philly

Paxton Boys Effects

• 1/3 of Indians who fled to Philly died of smallpox (ha-ha irony)
• Made evident intercolonial tensions between established societies of Atlantic coast and white settlement on western frontier

posted by Jeffrey @ Tuesday, November 22, 2005 0 comments

New England 2nd Generation

The Salem Witch Trials
1692

By: Analise, James, Mandy, and Laura

Social Causes

• Moral divisions over the church government
• Family problems - Putnams
• Reverend Parris transformed his enemies’ reputations
• Strict laws governing behavior
• Stressed because Massachusetts lost its charter
• Frequent Indian attacks
• Constant fear added greatly to hysteria
• Indians seen as from the devil
• Many of the accused and accusers had ties to Indian attacks
• Believed Satan and demons were present in physical world
• Entice people to assist him by becoming witches and warlocks

Predestination & Original Sin

• “We should every one of us be a dog and a witch, too, if God should leave us to ourselves. It is the mere grace of God, the chains of which refrain us from bringing the chains of darkness upon our souls.”
• Cotton Mather
• Belief that people were all bad unless God did good through them.
• Encouraged witch hysteria

What is a witch?

• Those who entered into a contract or “covenant” with the Devil
• Devil or one of his agents could assume the witch’s shape to torment other human beings.

The Beginning

• Abigail Williams and Betty Parris and other girls formed groups to learn fortune telling and to tell stories of witchcraft
• Abigail and Betty have mysterious illnesses
• Blame older women
• Said they were bewitched
• First only three women accused
• Two elderly women and slave
• Bad reputations and low social standing

The Accusations

• Accusations continued even after the 3 were put in jail on March 1
• More girls became mysteriously ill
• Accused more people of witchcraft
• Anywhere from 150 – 300 people were eventually accused and jailed.

Trials

• Trials didn’t start till late May
• Several had already died in jail
• No one found innocent
• Only those who confessed to witchcraft & gave other names were spared
• All others condemned to death
• Only one not by hanging
• Giles Corey
• In that summer, 19 were hung
• Only six were men
• Others – mostly old women
• A once respected minister
• Constable

The Economy

• Land and cattle suffered
• Untended
• Many unaccused fled to other colonies
• Left their businesses and homes

The End

• January 1693
• Governor’s wife was accused of witchcraft
• Governor prohibited more trials and pardoned the convicted not yet hung
• Death Toll
• 19 people hung
• 1 pressed to death
• 24 total humans died
• 2 dogs hung

Social Effects

• Many still not out of prison
• Crops failed for years afterward
• Salem Politics changed
• New election
• Elected anti-Parris
• Parris apologized and left Salem
• Not known what happened to the accusers

More Effects

• Ended Puritans’ rule of New England
• Showed widening social classes of New England
• No one ever died again from being convicted as a witch

Other Effects

• "It were better that Ten Suspected Witches should escape, than that the Innocent Person should be Condemned."
• Increase Mather
• Now shown in criminal justice system
• Innocent until proven guilty

posted by Jeffrey @ Wednesday, November 16, 2005 0 comments

Deep South 2nd Generation

Stono Rebellion/Yamassee War

By Nick Hamus

and Robert Lamermayer

The Stono Rebellion - causes

• Named after the Stono River in S.C.
• South Carolina - September 1739
• Led by slave named Jemmy
• Some slaves had escaped from South Carolina to Florida
• ‘Security Acts’ passed in English colonies - white men were required to carry guns to church

The Stono Rebellion -
what happened

• Group of slaves went to a gun shop, took weapons, and killed the owners
• They next went to a white landowner’s house, burned it, and killed him and his children
• The slaves continued toward Charleston and burned and killed anything they could find
• Around 100 whites set out to break up the rebellion around 4 p.m. that afternoon
• The slaves fired first, but the whites killed about 14 slaves
• By dusk, 30 slaves dead, 30 escaped
• Most slaves caught within a few days
• One managed to stay out of captivity for 3 years

The Stono Rebellion - effects

• The whites created the Negro Act
• This act denied the slaves the right to:
• Grow their own food
• Assemble in groups
• Earn their own money
• Learn to read or write
• The Negro Act became the basis of the South’s slavery laws around the time of the Civil War.

The Yamassee War - causes

• 1715
• Originally, the Yamassee Indians had good relations with the white settlers
• First recorded by the Spanish in 1540
• After Queen Anne’s War, the Indians became unhappy with the way the white’s fur-trading industry was working
• S.C. government tried to control trading with a licensing system, but it didn’t work

Yamassee War

• The Creek Indians killed many English traders
• The Yamassee (supported by the Creek, French, and Spanish) attacked settlers on the Carolina borders
• Settlers fled, many relocated to Virginia
• South Carolina asked the Cherokee for help
• Cherokee=enemies of Creek
• Cherokee killed Creek leaders at a conference
• This event led to the Creek pulling out of South Carolina
• The Yamassee relocated their villages to Georgia and Florida
• Were eventually absorbed by the Seminoles

Yamassee War - effects

• James Oglethorpe arrived in Georgia in 1733
• Some Yamassee/Seminole people still remained in the area
• Oglethorpe didn’t want to depend on the Indians, so he decided to form a new colony, which was supported by South Carolina

posted by Jeffrey @ Tuesday, November 15, 2005 0 comments

Chesapeake 2nd Generation

Jamestown, Virginia 1675
Sir William Berkeley

• Governor of Virginia since 1640s
• 70 when rebellion started
• Well respected

Nathaniel Bacon

• He was Berkeley’s cousin by marriage
• A troublemaker who was sent to Virginia to mature
• Very intelligent
• Berkeley gave him land grant and seat on the Council
• An individual trader with Indians

Trouble Starts – July 1675

• Doeg Indians invade a plantation
• Colonists retaliate against the wrong Indians
• Berkeley orders investigation to stop violence
• Nathaniel Bacon refused to listen to Berkeley
• People Choose SidesBacon seized friendly Appomattox Indians
• Most Virginians decided whose side they were on (Berkeley’s or Bacon’s)
• The Long Assembly was called for by Berkeley

Long Assembly

• Declared war on all “bad” Indians
• Said people couldn’t trade with Indians individually, only with Berkeley’s permission
• Set up defensive zone around Virginia

Effects of Long Assembly

• Indian wars occurred
• High taxes were paid by citizens to fund military
• Discontent spread through colony
• Berkeley denied Bacon commission in the local militia.
• Individual traders took Bacon’s
• Bacon became the “General” of the local Indian fighters.

The Rebellion

• Bacon drove the Pamunkey Indians from nearby land
• Berkeley declared Bacon a rebel
• Berkeley offered pardon to those who quit the rebellion
• Bacon attacked the Indians on the Roanoke River.
• Bacon was elected to the House of Burgesses by local landowners
• Upon arrival to first meeting Bacon was captured
• Berkeley made Bacon apologize for actions
• No serious punishment, Bacon still allowed to be in House of Burgesses
• Bacon became upset during a debate over Indians
• Bacon left the meeting and returned with his men and surrounded the state house
• Bacon demanded to be made General of the militia against Indians
• Berkeley refused
• Bacon threatened with violence, Berkeley gave in
• Bacon dominated Jamestown
• During this time, Berkeley fled to eastern shore
• Bacon issued the Declaration of the People
• Said Berkeley was corrupt
• Oath of loyalty to Bacon
• Berkeley’s men secretly joined Bacon’s forces.
• Berkeley had enough power to take over Jamestown
• Bacon tried to take back Jamestown, but failed
• Bacon burns down Jamestown (Sep. 19, 1676)

Bacon Dies

• (Oct. 26 1676) Bacon dies of “Bloodie Flux” and “Lousey Disease” (body lice)
• Never found remains of Bacon
• Possible that his soldiers burned his contaminated body

Rebellion Ends

• Berkeley regains power
• The leading soldiers of Bacon were hanged (23 in all)
• Berkeley seized their property
• Berkeley was released as Governor and returned to England
• Berkeley died in England, July 1677

Initial Causes

• Decrease in tobacco prices
• Increase in competition from Maryland and Carolinas
• Increasingly strict English market
• Rise in prices from England or manufactured goods

Effects from Rebellion

• Indians left colonists alone
• Permanent form of slaver began
• Rich landowners didn’t want indentured servants anymore, likely to rebel
• Plantation owners wanted slaves

New laws were eventually made based on Bacon’s ideas

• Right to Bear Arms
• Voting for all freemen
• More representation in taxation

posted by Jeffrey @ Friday, November 11, 2005 0 comments

American Identity (essay topic)

Thesis Question: What are the most important influences on American identity from the colonial period?

Sources: Class notes from student presentations (extra research only if needed), primary sources that were assigned.

• Magna Carts


• English Bill of Rights


• John Smith


• Indentured Agreement


• Iroquois Chief Speaks


• Puritan Death


• Mayflower Compact


• Penn’s Holy Experiment


• Ben Franklin


• Aboard a Slave Ship

Specifications:

• At least three influences


• Explain why these influences are the most important


• Explain how they contribute to American identity (which aspect of American identity)


• Integrate primary sources as evidence


• Use historical fact as evidence


• Works cited

What do we mean by “American Identity”?

• Identity: how the people of a country view themselves


• how people of other countries view them


• culture – how they live, their beliefs, art, music, literature, religion


• social structure


• Legacy


• government system – reasons for the government system

City on the Hill (Puritans) ( divine mandates, American exceptionalism, manifest destiny

posted by Jeffrey @ Wednesday, November 09, 2005 0 comments